How Much Gold Is in the Ocean

In 1872, British chemist Edward Sonstadt published a report declaring the existence of gold in seawater. Since then, Sonstadts discovery has inspired many, from well-intentioned scientists to con artists and swindlers, to find a way to extract it. Quantifying the Oceans Riches Numerous researchers have  sought to quantify the amount of gold in the ocean. The exact amount is difficult to pinpoint because gold exists in seawater  at very dilute concentrations (estimated to be on the order of parts per trillion, or one part gold per trillion parts water). A study published in Applied Geochemistry measured the concentration of gold in samples taken from the Pacific Ocean, and found that they were about 0.03 parts per trillion. Older studies reported a concentration of about 1 part per trillion for seawater, about 100 times more than other, more recent reports. Some of these discrepancies may be attributed to the presence of contamination in the samples collected as well as the limitations of technology, which in past studies may not have been sensitive enough to accurately detect the quantity of gold.   Calculating the Amount of Gold According to the National Ocean Service, there are about 333 million cubic miles of water in the ocean. One cubic mile is equivalent to 4.17 * 109 cubic meters. Using this conversion, we can determine that there are about 1.39 * 1018 cubic meters of ocean water. The density of water is 1000 kilograms per cubic meter, so there are 1.39 * 1021 kilograms of water in the ocean. If we assume that 1) the concentration of gold in the ocean is 1 part per trillion, 2) this concentration of gold holds for all ocean water, and 3) parts per trillion corresponds to mass, then we can calculate an approximate amount of gold in the ocean using the following method: One part per trillion corresponds to one trillionth of the whole, or 1/1012.Thus, to find out how much gold there is in the ocean, we must divide the amount of water in the ocean, 1.39 * 1021 kilograms as calculated above, by 1012.This calculation results in 1.39 * 109 kilograms of gold in the ocean.Using the conversion 1 kilogram 0.0011 tons, we reach the conclusion that there are  about 1.5 million tons of gold in the ocean (assuming a concentration of 1 part per trillion).If we apply the same calculation to the concentration of gold found in the more recent study,  0.03 parts per trillion, we reach the conclusion that there are 45 thousand tons of gold in the ocean. Measuring the Amount of Gold in Seawater Because gold is present in such low quantities and is included with many other components from the surrounding environment, samples taken from the ocean must be processed before they can be adequately analyzed. Preconcentration describes the process of concentrating the trace amounts of gold in a sample so that the resulting concentration lies in the optimal range for most analytical methods. Even with the most sensitive techniques, however, preconcentration may still yield more precise results. These methods include: Removing water through evaporation, or by freezing water and then sublimating the resulting ice. Removing water from seawater, however, leaves large quantities of salts like sodium and chlorine behind, which must be separated from the concentrate before further analysis.Solvent extraction, a technique in which multiple components in a sample are separated based on how soluble they are in different solvents, like water versus an organic solvent. For this, gold can be converted to a form that is more soluble in one of the solvents.Adsorption, a technique in which chemicals adhere to a surface like activated carbon. For this process, the surface can be chemically modified so that gold can selectively adhere to it.Precipitating the gold out of solution by reacting it with other compounds. This may require additional processing steps that remove other elements in the gold-containing solid. The gold can also be further separated from other elements or materials that may be present in the samples. Some methods for achieving separation are filtration and centrifugation. After the preconcentration and separation steps, the quantity of gold can be measured using techniques that are designed to measure very low concentrations, which include: Atomic absorption spectroscopy, which measures the amount of energy a sample absorbs at specific wavelengths. Each atom, including gold, absorbs energy at a very specific set of wavelengths. The measured energy can then be correlated to concentration by comparing the results to a known sample, or reference.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, a technique in which atoms are first converted to ions, and then sorted depending on their mass. The signals corresponding to these different ions can be correlated to concentration by correlating them to a known reference. Key Takeaways Gold exists in seawater, but at very dilute concentrations – estimated, in more recent times, to be on the order of parts per trillion. Because this concentration is so low, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly how much gold is in the ocean.Even if there is an abundance of gold in the ocean, the cost to extract the gold from the sea would most likely outweigh the value of the gold collected.Researchers have measured these small concentrations of gold with techniques that are capable of measuring very low concentrations.Measurements often require that the gold be preconcentrated in some way and separated from other components in a seawater sample, to minimize the effects of sample contamination and allow for more precise measurements. References Falkner, K., and Edmond, J. â€Å"Gold in seawater.† 1990. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 98, pp. 208-221.Joyner, T., Healy, M., Chakravarti, D., and Koyanagi, T. â€Å"Preconcentration for trace analysis of seawaters.† 1967. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 417-424.Koide, M., Hodge, V., Goldberg, E., and Bertine, K. â€Å"Gold in seawater: a conservative view.† Applied Geochemistry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 237-241.McHugh, J. â€Å"Concentration of gold in natural waters.† Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 1988, vol. 30, no. 1-3, pp. 85-94.National Ocean Service. How much water is in the ocean?National Ocean Service. â€Å"Is there gold in the ocean?†Pyrzynska, K. â€Å"Recent developments in the determination of gold by atomic spectrometry techniques.† 2005. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol. 60, no. 9-10, pp. 1316-1322.Veronese, K. â€Å"Germany’s post-World War I scheme to extract gold from water.† Gizmodo.

The Movie My Sisters Keeper Essay - 1376 Words

My Sister’s Keeper The movie â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper,† is based on the best-selling novel by Jodi Picoult; it explores the medical, legal, and ethical issues that pose a dilemma not revealed until the very end of the movie. The director, Nick Cassavetes, plays out an honest story that overwhelms his audience with waves of emotion by illustrating the daily battles of a young, genuine, and sincere cancer patient. Although an unfamiliar story to most, Mr. Cassavetes is able to grasp a sense of realism in the process of telling such a heartfelt and unfortunate life story of this cancer patient, Kate (Sofia Vassilieva). In short, Cassavetes tells a story that entails a family distorted by the leukemia of their first born daughter, Kate, whose†¦show more content†¦Whenever a part of Kate’s body fails, Anna’s parents immediately offer up the needed part of Annas body for donation. The focus seems to all be on Kate but the family forgets to consider Anna’s feeling s. It does not occur to them, specifically the mother, Sara, that Anna, too, is unable to lead a normal life. Anna must always â€Å"be there† for her sister but Sara is so blinded by having to do anything in order to keep Kate alive she does not realize how far under the bus she has thrown Anna. The peak of this snowballing conflict is when Kate turns fifteen and one of her kidneys fail. This time, however, Anna is unwilling to donate her kidney. The technique producer’s sometimes use is havignt he character reveal a thought along with a scene but nothing is really being said. This technique reveals information to the audience without interfering with the plot of the story; a way of foreshadowing. â€Å"Has Anna been pushed too far without having say to the rights of her own body? Has her family neglected she has been in and out of the hospital even at times getting sick from birth giving away blood and marrow to her sister.† This is the backdrop question when Anna goes to attorney, Campbell Alexander (Alec Baldwin), to sue her parents for â€Å"medical emancipation,† or the rights to her own body. This is the battle of the entire movie, is saving Kate’s life at the expense ofShow MoreRelatedMy Sisters Keeper5805 Words   |  24 PagesMy Sister’s Keeper Based on the book by Jodi Picoult ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would all like to thank the Man with the Big guns from above named God. We thank you the most for without you we would never be able to do the things we love in life. We would never be able to see and feel the great wonders of the world that you have made for us especially the friendship and love that you never fail to provide us. Thank you for that. To our teacher we thank you forRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesof Business, University of Oregon. He is certified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be

Career Development Strategies

Question: Write an essay on Career Development Strategies. Answer: Bill Gates was an intelligent entrepreneur and always believed that one can achieve anything by applying his intelligence. From childhood, he was ambitious and competitive and he wanted to do something that no one has ever done. This characteristic of Bill Gates justifies Trait-Factor theory of career development. His vision was legendary and unique as he dreamed about a computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every operating system. He decided not to stop until he could achieve his goals. This goal setting quality of Bill Gates can be compared with the Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Choice (Lyness Erkovan, 2016). Innovation was his primary tool and based on his innovative ideas and with the help of his childhood friend Allen, Bill Gates released a version of FORTRAN language for microcomputers in the year of 1977. On year later, Gates introduced a version of COBOL and emerged as a market leader. This innovative or artistic phenomenon of Bill Gates is similar to the Hollands Career Typology Theory where artistic quality is considered as a unique and important quality of ones personality (Lyness Erkovan, 2016). Throughout his career, Bill Gates was also known as risk bearer as he never hesitated before dropping out of Harvard to devote his all the energies to Microsoft. Even after starting the company in 1975, he never stopped learning new things. By understanding the need for the people and demand of the market, he kept making changes in his organization, plans and services (Conklin et al., 2013). Supers Life-Span Theory states that same as it believes that human change is continuous that depends on the experiences they face at various life stages. This theory is again relevant to Bill Gates career as he kept making changes and enhanced his approaches even when IBM pulled out of the contract for the operating system that was to be bundled with the IBM Clone PCs (Mitravich, 2015). Even after this huge loss, he stayed on and focused on crea ting better versions of Windows (Pryor Bright, 2012). Bill Gates not only devoted his life in upgrading information technology but also contributed largely in social prosperities. He along with his wife Melinda Gates established Bill Melinda Gates Foundation in the year of 2000 with an aim to enhance healthcare and reduce poverty. This social act of Bill can again be compared with Hollands Career Typology Theory. While discussing personal values, Bill Gates showed a great deal of creativity to bring change and variety in the world of information technology. With supreme honesty towards his fellow workers, he applied his knowledge and created Microsoft Corp. with an aim to provide personal computers to the people of the world (Whyte et al., 2012). That is the reason that I admire this person, as the traits followed by him are the same that I want to throughout my professional life. Richard Branson is famous for his characteristic that allows him to step outside his comfort zone into new industries to face unique challenges (Alter, 2014). His journey began when in the year of 1968 he started a student magazine, which was followed by the establishment of The Virgin Mail Order in the year of 1971. This approach of Richard is similar to what stated in Hollands Career Typology theory of career development. In the year of 1981, he launched Virgin gaming organization and in 1984, he established Virgin Airlines, which shows that during different stages of his life, Richard experienced different roles. This phenomenon of his life is similar to the Supers Life-Span Theory of career development (Mitravich, 2015). However, he did not stop after this and added more diversity to his business by adding Virgin radio station in 1993; Virgin Cola is 1994, Virgin bridal wear in 1996 and Virgin trains in 1997 with in the brand name of Virgin (virgin.com, 2014). This much diversity and innovation in one person is extremely rare and can be compared with Hollands Career Typology Theory (Conklin et al., 2013). In spite of devoting, almost all his life to developing his business, Richard Branson never stepped back from social works. He always valued the importance of society and tried to contribute as much as he could to the same. Some examples are The Mia Farrow Pseudo Hunger Strike and The Trip around the world in a Balloon. This unique pattern of Richard to contribute to the society can be compared with the Trait-Factor theory of career development. He is also a visionary leader as he set a goal to not to pay taxes and that is why he successfully undercut the prices of well-developed retailers by avoiding the payment of purchase worth 500,000 in todays money (Meijers et al., 2013). This goal-setting characteristic of Richard Branson is something that is mentioned in the Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Choice. From the above discussion on Richard Bransons career, it is clear that throughout his life he was a follower of adventure, competition, entrepreneurialism and fun. Innovation was another phenomenon that allowed Richard to jump into various business industries one by one. One of his major personal values is flexibility in the workplace. In Netflix, the employees are allowed to take as many holidays as they want without providing any prior notice to the management (virgin.com, 2014). Richard introduced this idea, as he believes in influencing the employees by different types of motivational practices. This act of Richard supports the theory of Krumbolzs Social Learning Theory of Career Choice. Richard, while doing his job with perfection also took proper care for his family. He always managed to take some time out of his family through delegations. He bought Necker Island in a bid only to impress his wife Joan during the time of their 40th anniversary. That clearly indicates his attach ment with his family, which allowed him maintain a work-life balance. References Alter, S. (2014). How to market like Richard Branson.Journal of Property Management,79(6), 14-15. Conklin, A. M., Dahling, J. J., Garcia, P. A. (2013). Linking Affective Commitment, Career Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations A Test of Social Cognitive Career Theory.Journal of Career Development,40(1), 68-83. Lyness, K. S., Erkovan, H. E. (2016). The Changing Dynamics of Careers and the WorkFamily Interface.The Oxford Handbook of Work and Family, 376. Meijers, F., Kuijpers, M., Gundy, C. (2013). The relationship between career competencies, career identity, motivation and quality of choice.International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,13(1), 47-66. Mitravich, C. (2015). The Virgin Way: Everything I Know about Leadership.Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship,20(1), 111. Pryor, R. G., Bright, J. E. (2012). The value of failing in career development: A chaos theory perspective.International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,12(1), 67-79. Whyte, R., Prideaux, B., Sakata, H. (2012). The evolution of Virgin Australia from a low-cost carrier to a full-service airline-implications for the tourism industry.Advances in hospitality and leisure,8, 215-231.

Casabianca free essay sample

The boy stood on the burning deck, Whence all but he had fled; The flame that lit the battle’s wreck Shone round him o’er the dead. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that Casabianca was standing on the board of the ship which was on fire. He was standing alone while all others had left the ship. The flames of fire rising on all sides. These flames were shining over dead bodies of the soldiers killed in the battle. 2. Yet beautiful and bright he stood, As born to rule the storm, A creature of Heroic blood A proud, through child – like form. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that the boy stood on the board of the ship inspite of burning flames. He looked very hardsome in the light of these flames. It seemed that he was born to govern over storms. He had inherited nobility from his fore fathers. Though he was of tender age, he looked brave and proud to carry out the command of father. 3. The flames rolled on – he would not go Without his father’s word That father faint in death below His voice no longer heard. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess says that flames rushed at Casabianca. But he had resolved not to leave the place unless his father permitted him. His father was laying dead in the lower part of the ship so his voice could be heard no more. 4. He called aloud: â€Å"Say father! Say If yet my task is done? † He knew no that the chief tain lay Unconscious of his son. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that the boy called his father in a loud voice. He asked whether, the duty assigned to him was complete or not. He did not know that commander of the ship was unaware about the condition of his son. 5. â€Å"Speak father! † Once again he cried. â€Å"If I may yet be gone†! And but the booming shots replied, And fast the flames rolled on. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. In these lines poetess tells that the boy again cried and asked his father if e could go. He wanted to say more but his voice was drowned in the midst of heavy noise of guns and the flames rushed on very fast. 6. Upon his brow he felt their breath, And in his waving hair, And looked from that lone post of death, In still, yet brave despair. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess says that the flames rushed at the boy. He felt their heat on his fore head and in waving hair. Though he knew, that his death was near but he stood quite and calm. He looked around him from place of death with bold heart though he was disappointed. 7. And shouted but once more aloud â€Å"My father! Must I stay†? While o’er him fast, through sail and shroud The wreathing fires made way. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess says that the boy once again cried out in loud voice. He wanted to know if it was necessary for him to stay there. Just then the flames rushed through sails and ropes. 8. They wrapt the ship in splendour wild, They caught the flag high, And streamed above the gallant child, Like banness in the sky. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that the flames surrounded the ship and covered it on all sides. They even reached the flag which was flying very high. They also surrounded the brave boy like the flag’s shadows in the sky. 9. There came a burst of thunder sound, The boy oh! Where was he? Ask of the winds that far around With fragments strewed the sea. Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that suddenly a loud noise was heard there and no one can imagine that where the body of brave boy was. Only the winds could say which were blowing around the boy that where was he. 10. With mast and helm and pennon fair, That well had borne their part; But the noblest thing which perished there, Was that young faithful heart! Reference to Context: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"Casabianca† written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans. In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline through the story of Casabianca. Explanation: In these lines poetess tells that part played by mast, rudder and the flag flying on mast is praise worthy. But the noblest thing which died there was the young obedient and disciplined heart, that was Casabianca. Summary The poem Casabianca was written by Mrs. Felicia Dorothea Hemans. It starts out with the well known line, the boy stood on the burning deck. The story relates to an extraordinary incident of devotion and heroism witnessed during the Battle of the Nile. It was on the evening of July 28 of 1798 that the English naval squadron under Lord Nelson sailed in. They had caught the French fleet at anchor and unprepared. The French flagship was the LOrient and it soon found itself flanked by English ships attacking from both sides. A fierce battle was soon raging and the flashes of 2000 guns lit up the ships in the gathering darkness. LOrient was caught by the English broadsides and was set ablaze. It was then that the English sailors saw an amazing sight. There on that burning deck they saw a boy standing alone. He was Cassabianca, the 12 year old son of one of the ships officers. There he stood, alone at his post. He was surrounded by flames and facing the astonished English foe. Soon afterwards the fire reached the powder magazine deep down in the hold. The boy perished when the whole ship erupted in a massive explosion. The sound of LOrient blowing up was heard at Rosetta 20 miles away. And the glow of the fireball was seen in Alexandria. It was an enormous explosion of a magnitude rarely seen back in those times. The English sailors stood in awe at what they had just witnessed. For some twenty minutes the guns were silent. The English officers and men were absolutely horrified at the carnage that had taken place. They sent a ship to rescue the survivors from the water. About 70 French sailors were saved. The account of that boy who stood on that burning deck was told and retold. Eventually it passed on into legend. The story remains a classic example of devotion and faithful service. And the poem continues to serve as a source of inspiration and wonder for many throughout Christendom. That boy who stayed at his post on that burning deck has not been forgotten. And the story of his heroic stand is remembered right up to the present day.